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	Nouns	I	II	III	D P	?	Past	Present	Future	Compliment Profession, Noun, Relation, Verb, Adverb,
Singular	Amara	I*	You#Considered as plural with reference to Subject Verb agreement	She / He / It	This / That	How What Where When Which Who Whom Whose Why	Was Did Had	Am* Is Does Has	Will * be	Compliment Profession, Noun, Relation, Verb, Adverb,
Plural	Brahma Cumar	We		They	These / Those	How What Where When Which Who Whom Whose Why	Were# Did Had	Are# Do Have	Will * be	Negative Not*

The above-mentioned table gives a comprehensive out look of all the varied possible types of sentences that we can think of making in English language.
The above-mentioned table has five main parts to read they are
v Subject : the doer of a work – beginning part of the sentence.
v Verb : Action work (existential / deed)
v Negative : ‘not’ in a sentence is considered as negative*
v Compliment : is also called as a completion part of the sentence without which the sentence becomes meaningless.
v Wh questions: interrogatives or questioning sentence

Sentences are classified into four basic types based on the connotation
· Assertive Statements made with confidence
· Imperative Ordering Statements
· Interrogative Questioning Sentences
· Exclamatory shock or Surprise Sentences

Sentences are of six types
· Positive  Sign of success
· Negative  Diffidence
· Yes or No  Answers in one word either S/O
· Yes or No Negative Answers in a word either S / O
· Wh   Explanatory answers
· Wh Negative  Explanatory answers

Subject Verb Agreement There is a particular unique relationship with every subject and a verb (HV / MV), this unique relationship is called as SVA.
Every Singular subject should be accompanied by either am, is, was, will, shall be/will be, does, did, has or will have. Similarly every Plural verb should be accompanied by are, were, will be/shall be, do, did, had or will have.

Progressives: These are the tenses that we use to express the actions that have not end completed they are going on….
In progressive we generally use a ‘be form’ and an ‘ing’ verb.
In Progressive Past Tense we use
Was with all singular subjects Were with all plurals
In Progressive Present tense we use
am with I
is with other singular subjects
are with all the plural subjects
In Progressive Future tense we us
Shall be with all 1st person subjects. Will be with all other subjects
In a negative sentence the ‘not’ is to be used in between will and not. Remember not should always be in the third position. ‘Will not’ can be contracted to won’t

		Past	Present	Future
Progressive	Formula	Sub + was/were + Ving	Sub + am/is/are + Ving	*Sub + will be + Ving**
	Positive	Peter was comprehending	Hawkins is preparing	Aslam will be reading.
	Neg	Peter was not Comprehending	Hawkins is not preparing	Aslam won't be reading.
	Yes / No	Was Peter comprehending?	Is Hawkins preparing?	Will Aslam be reading?
	S / N – ve	Were Peter and Aslam not comprehending	Is Hawkins not preparing?	Will Aslam not be reading?
	Wh?	Whose comprehension are you speaking about?	What Is Hawkins preparing?	Who will be reading?
	Wh -ve?	Why were they not comprehending?	Why Aren’t Hawkins and ot usedhers preparing?	Why won't Aslam be reading?

Simple Tense is used to express ordinary sentences.

Simple Past : We use to narrate or just explain things that have happened in the past.
In a positive sentence we use a Past Tense Verb.
To make it into negative we use a helping verb ‘did’ suffixed with not. Did not can
be abbreviate to don’t.
Whenever there is did in a sentence the verb should be a main verb.
We use ‘when’ and ‘while’ as two conjunctions in joining two past tenses.
When is used for a point of time#
While is used for a length of time#

Simple Present: Is used to say something in the present, generally under four circumstances we use the simple present
Imperative – ordering statements
Daily schedules and habits
Explaining likes and dislikes
Universal / Eternal Truths / Facts
Eternal – All periods of time. Universal – Accepted allover the world.
Truth – That which doesn’t change with time. Facts – Reality

Simple Future : Just used to mentions that would happen in future.
The Be form ‘will’ so ‘shall’ be followed by a rot verb.

		Past	Present	Future
Simple	Structure	Sub + Pst V, Did	Plural Sub + RV / Sing Sub + Vs	Sub + RV, Will
	Positive	Amara Learnt	They come. Brhama Comes	She will read.
	Neg	Amara did not learn	They don't come. Brahma dosen't Come	She won’t Read.
	Yes / No	Did Amara Learn?	Do they come?, Does Brahma Come?	Will she read?
	S / N – ve	Din't Amar learn?	Don't They Come?, Doesn’t Brhama Come?	Won't she read?
	Wh?	What did Amar learn?	Who Comes? Why do they Come?	Who will read?
	Wh –ve?	Why didn't Amar learn?	Where don't they come?Why doesn’t he read?	Why will she not read?

#When When I bought the mobile it was the latest model, now it has become obsolete
#While While Cumar was explaining about cosmology every one were totally absorbed / lost in the mind-boggling topic.

Perfect: Actions which have started in past and have been completed in the past are called perfect tense.
The verb shall always be in ‘Past participle’

Past Perfect: Actions that had begun in the long past and have finished in the long past.
The helping verb that we use here would be ‘had’

Present Perfect: Actions that had begun in the past and have completed just then/now.
Future Perfect: Actions that would be accomplished in future.

		Past	Present	Future
Perfect	Syntax	Sub + had + PP	Sub + Have/Has + PP	Sub + Will Have/has + PP
	Positive	Megha had written	Karthik has Promised.	You will have perfected English by 40 days.
	Neg	Megha Had not written.	Aishu and Anu have not promised.	They will not have given up with the habits
	Yes / No	Had Megha written?	Has Anu Promised?	Will she have completed her assignment?
	S / N – ve	Had Megha not written?	Hasn't Aishu promised?	Will they have submitted the report/
	Wh?	When had Megha written?	What has Mr. Karthik Promised?	Whom will they have suspected?
	Wh -ve?	Why hadn't Megha Written?	Why hasn't Megha promised?	Where wouldn’t she have thrown?

Perfect Continuous is used to express that the actions that began has not stopped / halted till the current movement.

PsPC Actions, which had been completed in the past.

PrPP Actions that have been fulfilled just now.

FPP Tentatively continuous actions in future.

Perfect Progressive	Past	Present	Future
Since / For	Sub + had been + Ving	Sub + Have/Has been + Ving	Sub + Will Have/has + Ving
Positive	They had been waiting	They have been working.	You will have been waiting at the airport for more than 3 hours
Neg	We had not been reading.	She has not been working	She will have not been completing her assignment
Yes / No	Had Ramesh been trying?	Has she been working?	Will Amar have not been done with his meditations
S / N – ve	Hadn’t Peter been Writing?	Have they not been working?	Won’t Brahma have been written his grammar book by Aug 15^th?
Wh?	Why had been they broadcasting it?	Where has she been working?	How will he have been in a position doing such inglorious things?
Wh –ve?	Why had they not been telecasting that?	Who has not been working?	Why will they have not been in a position to win the match

MODALS

Often used but least explained is this topic ‘Modals’. The complexity involved in this is the same ness in meaning but difference in attitude.

The general confusion is with regard to the classification

Formal confusion is regarding its place in the usage of auxiliary verb ‘to be treated as modal or as another Part of Speech?’

Semantic confusion is to deal with the meanings of various modals but also the interpersonal dialectic usage with regional difference and preference of ones choice.

To reduce the confusion lets us know the difference between the modals and the modalities

Some Grammarians classify modals into five types and the other divide them into three types:-

Classical Method:
Ability - Possibility
Inability - Negative using n’t
Request - Inversion with the subject
Half vowel - have / has, used to, need to (semi modals/Hybrid)
Obligatory - Emphatic stress

General Method:

Epistemic Speaker’s judgement with respect to truth of preposition.
Example: Aish may go home. (Uncertinity of aish going home)
Karthick must be home. (Look! His car is parked in the porch)

Deontic Oriented towards performing speech actions / influencing
Example: Prathima and Sowmya may go home now.
(To give permission for Prathima to leave).
(Sowmya should go home. She looks tired)

Dynamic in considerations to strengths
Example: He has to be at home. Hypothetical.
She must be at home. Inference

You must be in the class on time. (Clearly speaker oriented)
We have to be in the class on time. (Clearly external)

LIST OF MODALS FOR EASY REFERENCE

+ve  _ve  Req/ ?  Category Meaning
Can      Ability
Cannot    Inability
Can U  Someone’s ability
Able to      Temporary ability
Can I  Permission I want 2, allow me 2.
I Will      Intention
I Can      Possible
I will not   intention
I cannot   Not able 2
Shall I  Offering, I wanted, I will, or else ‘x’
Could      Was / were able 2
Could not   Were / Was not able 2
Could I Permission*
Could U Polite instruction / order
Did not   not tried
Could not   Unable 2
Could U can + Please Polite ***
Must      Compel
Must not    Not 2 do
Have 2      = must
Do not have 2   no need
Should      Gentle pressure
Should not   Gentle –ve pressure
May      Doubt
May not   Doubt -ve
Need not   Not necessary
May I  I want 2, if you are free, I shall
Used to     Habits in past now not in use now
Ought      Compulsion
Would      Likely and preference

Let = Allow = Permit
Let 2 Ä 2 + Let = Available.
Allow or Permit + Object Proper-Noun + 2 + root verb.

Remember that all these words have the same meaning ‘permission’.
These words should be accompanied by an object pronoun.
The object pronoun should be followed by a root verb in case of ‘Let’ and an infinitive verb in the case of ‘Allow / Permit’.

Let him come into the class.
Allow him to come into the Class. Permit him to enter the class.

Let is also used to scold people
v Let me go to the dogs
v Let him die
v Let him suffer
v Let him go to hell

INFINITIVES
2+ÖV Explains the purpose of the sentence.

Infinitives are of two types:
Bare Infinities Here we use ‘to’ followed by bare verb (present verb)
Modal Infinities Here we use a ‘modal verb’ followed by ‘be’ and ‘root verb’

Infinities
Subject + verb + root verb   These boys want to go.
These lessons are to be completed.  Its going to rain.
Bare Verbs / Modal Infinities
Subject + MV + Root Verb   Rakesh can call Rajesh.

GERUND
V+ing Pp = B4m+ Ving Subjective, Objective & OPG

Progressive verbs are called as Gerunds. Remember that there should not be a Be-form before a Verb ing.
Gerunds are of three types. Based on the usage and its position in the sentence they have been classified:
Subject When a sentence starts with and progressive verb it is called as Subject Gerund.
  Smoking is injurious for health
  Watching too much of TV spoils your eyes or increases ones sight
Object When progressive verbs are used in the object of a sentence with out a Be-form being prefixed then they are called OG
  I love helping the needy
  Cumar likes sharing thoughts in philosophy, management & Language
OPG Object of Prepositions are just like Object Gerunds, but the OG is prefixed by a preposition.
  Thank you Dr.TH for all that you have done.

VOICE
Active: Subject is doing an action. Rama killed Ravana.
Passive: Subject is receiving an action. Ravana was killed by Rama.

Voices are of two types:
Active All the while what ever we have been reading were Actives.
Subject is highlighted in the AC.
The Sentences starts with a Subject.
There is a particular form of verb structures and a unique relationship between Verb and Auxiliary verb.
Passive Preference is given the Verb / Action.
Verb should be in Past Participle form.
· Donations are given by philanthropists.
· Most of the portions are completed by us.

The sentence ends with the doer of the action like ‘by’
· Latest model electronic gadgets are procured by fancy buyers.
· This grammar is written by ABC.

Under three circumstances we do not use by in a sentence
q When every body knows the doer of an action
q When no one knows the doer of action
q When we are more concerned about the action.

Passives can be made in three ways
Ordinary Passives Language is learnt
Infinitive Passives The language English has to be learnt
Modal Passives The grammar can be learnt

SPEECH

Direct: Using words as they are. Kumar said “U R a good person”
Indirect: Conveying on to the third person “said that”.
Kumar told me that I was a good person.
Speeches are of two types
Direct This is the general conversation that takes place between two or more people.
All the dramas and plays are written in this format.
Direct speech has two parts
Speaker Who Said
Message What has been said
Indirect This is the narration of What has been happened.
Explaining things that had already happened or that one has conversed.
Indirect speech will always be in past tense.
Indirect speech has three parts
q Who said / told / requested / informed / ordered / pleaded / questioned
q Conjunction
q Content matter

Mallik: “sir, I bought the latest tablet PC”
The narration can be said in three ways
1st person I told sir that I had bought the latest TPC
2nd person Mallik told me that he had bought the latest TPC
3rd person Mallik told sir that he had bought the latest TPC

This is the small table which shows how you’re the HV changes from direct to indirect

DIRECT      INDIRECT
Am, is       Was
Have, Has      Had
Have to, Has to     Had to
Was, Were, Had, Have been, Has been,  Had been
Will, should, would     Would
Can       Could
May       Might
Should       Should

Having learnt theoretical English what next? Yes this is a very natural question, its practicals…. Come and speak in English. Put your theories into practice

	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, you are reading grammar.	Right now, the grammar is being read by you.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The faculties were helping the students when the thief came into the store.	The students were being helped by the trainers when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, Sowmya has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by Sowmya.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Daimon had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Daimon for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Ganeshan is going to give wonderful presentation this evening.	A wonderful presentation is going to be made by Ganeshan tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the rasagullas.	The rasagullas would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew Acaryaji would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Saraswathi was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Saraswati tonight.