English 4

(Imp *) ARTICLES (ONE)
The (Definite articles)    A Ü Indefinite Þ An
Nature, Important, Particular, Ordinal #s  < a Consonant  < a Vowel

There are three articles in English language
v A
v An
v The
These three articles are divided into two parts
v Definite
v Indefinite

Definite articles are used before special are important things like:
Almighty’s creation 
The Cosmos, the Universe, the Sun, the Moon, the Stars, The Artic, The Himalayas, The Sahara, The Nile, etc
Human’s Creation
 Great and unique structures - Pyramids, The Great Wall of Chaina, The pentagon, The Vidhana Soudha, The Tajmahal etc,.
 Important Designations - The President, The Director, The CEO
 Print and Media  - The Telegraph, The Newyork Times, The Times of India, The quoran, The Dhamapada, The Bible, The Bagavad Gita etc.,
Musical Instruments  - The Sitar, The Veena, The Guitar etc.,
Ordinal Numbers  - The First, The 14th, The next, The Previous
Superlative Degrees  - The Brightest, The most intelligent etc.,
 Plural Country forms  - The Andama & Nicobar Islands, The UK etc
 Repetitive   - When we use a common noun for the second time in a sentence then it becomes a referential word and we prefix ‘The’.

Indefinite articles mean ‘one’, which are used to mention any one of its kind.
We have two indefinite articles.
ü A
ü An
‘A’ is used before a consonance starting SSN - Singular Countable Noun
‘An’ is used before a vowel starting SSN

What is a Noun??? Noun is a part of speech.
‘Part of Speech’ how many parts are there in a speech???

Parts of Sentences / Speech: 8

There are eight parts of speech in English Language:
 
§ Noun
§ Pronoun
§ Adjective
§ Verb
§ Adverb
§ Preposition
§ Conjunction
§ Interjection
 

NOUN: Naming Words are called as nouns – Any name would be a Noun.
Example: Gandhi (Person), Bangalore (Place), Lion (Animal), Computer (Thing), Love (state of Mind).

As per some Grammarians nouns are classified into five types:
o Proper  That which properly defines an object.
o Common That which belongs to one particular type of class.
o Collective That which is a congregation of collection of things.
o Material All the metals that we find in the periodic table.
o Abstract That which cannot be seen or touched but felt in the mind.

Proper: J F Kennedy, Vatican, The Pentagon.
Common: Man, Car, Child, Monkey.  Uncountable :Water, Air
Collective: Assembly, Showroom, Troop of monkeys.  Sugar, Stars, Hair,
Material: Elements in the periodic table. Countable :A, 1, The. .
Abstract: Which do not have dimensions?

Singulars : Only one, generally we prefix ‘a’ or ‘an’ before a singular noun.
Plurals  : More than one, in other words many.
Plurals are mainly divided into four parts:
o Regular
o Irregular
o Vowel Changing
o Total Change
o Non-changing
o Misleading

Regular: \  Noun     Noun + s
   \ N ending with Ch, O, S, Sh, & X Noun + es *    \ N ending with f/fe   Noun –f/fe + ves
   \ Nouns ending with Y   Nouns –y + ies
  \ Ending with (V)Y   Nouns + S
Irregular: 
[ Change the vowels Tooth – Teeth,
Woman – Women.
   [ Total Change  Child – Children, Ox – Oxen.
Non-changing: Deer, Sheep, and Fish.
Misleading:  Mathematics, News, Physics

GENDER: In general application forms what we see as ‘sex’ is known as gender in English.  It determines what sexes we belong to we have four genders
Masculine ‚  King  Father  Boy
Feminine  ƒ  Queen  Mother  Girl
Neuter   Palace  Fan  Table
Common  ƒ‚  Citizens Child  Student

Person: In all the nouns and the pronouns are divided into three persons, these are based on the actions that are being done.

First Person : The doer of an action, the speaker, the writer in case of a book or an article.
Second Person:The receiver of an action, the listener, the reader.
Third Person : About whom we are talking
 Third person is divided into three genders:
  Masculine He 
  Feminine She
  Neutral  It
PRONOUNS: Instead of a Noun / proxy to a noun / used for a noun. 
These pronouns are basically classified into six types.  Each grammarian has his or her own ways of classifying things.  For easy usage we have adopted this method:
· Subject Pronoun  Used in the first part of the sentence.  The doer of an action.
· Object Pronoun  Used in the object of a sentence.  The receiver of an action.
· Possessive Pronoun Shows the ownership of an item.
· Emphatic / Reflexive Actions done with out anybody’s help
· General Pronoun  Non describing pronouns
· Determinal Pronoun  This clearly shows the thing.

Subject Object Possessive  Reflexive/Emphatic
I  Me  My / Mine   Myself
V  Us  Our / Ours   Ourselves
U  You  Your / Yours   Yourselves
She  Her  Her / Hers   Herself
He  Him  His    Himself
It  It  Its    Itself
They  Them  Their / Theirs   Themselves
General pronouns: All, every-one, every-body, some-one, somebody, few etc.
Demonstrative pronouns: This, That, These Those

Adjectives These are the words which add some information / tell some thing about the noun or a pronoun.
Adjectives should always be accompanied by a noun or a proper-noun.
All answers to the questions How On a noun or a pronoun are Adjectives.
For easy identification these are divided into six types:

o Psychology These adjectives give more information about the mentality of a person.  Ex: Brave boy, timid girl, confused person, intelligent students
o Person  Hear we describe how the person looks.  Ex: Beautiful girl, handsome man, cute baby, leucoplegmatic patient, Fair complexion
o Place  We speak about the nature of the place.  Ex: Crowded Bus, Slippery staircase, congested classroom, furnished accommodation
o General In general.  Ex: Sharp knife, cloudy weather, expensive laptop, rotten tomatoes, fresh spinach, wonderful place, serine atmosphere
o Ing  Adjectives which end with ‘ing’.  Ex: Charming child, interesting book, cunning fox, tiring journey, wearing vehicle, uninteresting personality
o Colour  Blue sky, clear water, white dress, orange T-Shirt

These adjectives can be again classified into three types with comparison to another object.
o Positive  Adjectives that speak about an object or person.
o Comparative  We use this to compare one object to another.
o Superlative  To that an object is outstanding in a group.

DEGREES

Positive  Comparative (2)   Superlative (¥)
Adjective  Adjective + er/r   Adjective + est/st
Adjective  more + Adjective   Most + Adjective
As - - - is Û = Equal
Senior, Superior  Ý 2
Junior, Inferior  ß 2
Sweet   Sweeter    Sweetest
Kind   Kinder     Kindest
Brave   Braver     Bravest
Wise   Wiser     Wisest
Red   Redder     Reddest
Sad   Sadder     Saddest
Happy   Happier    Happiest
Heavy   Heavier    Heaviest
Beautiful  More beautiful   Most beautiful
Interesting  More interesting   Most interesting

VERBS Action words are called as verbs.  Verbs are also used in time sense.  Here we might have a doubt as to what time is?  Time is nothing but the gap between two incidences.  Time has been divided into three parts:
¥ Past  Things that are over.  One second prior to the present
¥ Present Those are happening now & here.
¥ Future  That would occur later.  One second later to the present.

For easy understanding we have divided the verb structure into three groups
1. Helping verbs
2. Main Verbs
3. Modal Verbs

Helping Verbs: These are again divided into two types
i. Be Forms
 Past Present Future
Singular Was Am, is Shall * be Will * be
Plural Were are 

ii. Auxiliary Verbs
 Past Present Future
Simple Did Do, does Shall, will
Perfect Had Have, has Will have / has

Main Verbs: are of five types which are called by different names by different grammarians:
V1  V2  V3   V4   V5
I Form  II Form III Form  IV Form  V Form
Root Verb Past Tense Past Participle  Present Participle ‘S’ Verbs
Present d/ed verbs en/ed verbs  Progressive Verbs 
       Continuous Verbs

V2 are of three types:
a) Weak Verb: If a present tense verb changes easily to past tense by taking either ‘d’ or ‘ed’ it is called as Regular verb.
b) Strong Verb: If a present tense verb doesn’t change easily to past tense by adding ‘d’ or ‘ed’ then they are called as Irregular verbs.
c) Non-Changing Verbs: Verbs that do not change in past and past participle are called as Non changing verbs.

Some basic example of three forms of verbs:
Present Past (-ed form) Past Participle (-en form)
Arise Arose arisen
Ask Asked asked
Attack Attacked attacked
Awaken awakened OR awoke awakened
Bear Bore borne/born
Begin Began begun
Blow Blew blown
Break Broke broken
Bring Brought brought
Burst Burst burst
Choose Chose chosen
Cling Clung clung
Come Came come
Dive dived OR dove dived
Do Did done
Drag Dragged dragged
Draw Drew drawn
Drink Drank drunk
Drive Drove driven
Drown Drowned drowned
Eat  Ate eaten
Fall Fell fallen
Fly Flew flown
Forgive Forgave forgiven
Freeze Froze frozen
Get Got got OR gotten
Give Gave given
go  Went gone
Grow Grew grown
Hang (things) Hung hung
Hang (people) Hanged hanged
Happen Happened happened
Know Knew known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Lie lay lain
Loosen loosened loosened
Lose lost lost
Pay paid paid
Ride rode ridden
Ring rang rung
Rise rose risen
Run ran run
See saw seen
Set set set
Shake shook shaken
Shrink shrank OR shrunk shrunk OR shrunken
Sing sang sung
Sink sank OR sunk sunk
Sit sat sat
Speak spoke spoken
Spin spun spun
Spit spat spat
Spring sprang OR sprung sprung
Steal stole stolen
Sting stung stung
Stink stank OR stunk stunk
Strive strove striven
Study studied studied
Swear swore sworn
Swim swam swum
Swing swung swung
Take took taken
Tear tore torn
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke OR waked woken OR waked
Wear wore worn
Weave wove woven
Wring Wrung wrung
Write Wrote written

Well the fourth and fifth forms are not listed below because they are easiy derived by adding ‘ing’ to the root verb or by adding ‘s’ or ‘es’ depending upon the spelling rule.

Adverbs That which adds some thing to the verb.  Adverbs are of basically three types
A. Manner It says how* an action has happened
B. Place  It says where an action has occurred
C. Time  It says when an action has taken place

* Please not that the answer for ‘how’ could be either an Adjective or and Adverb.  The thumb-rule we should see as to on what the question is being posed, if the question is on the verb it becomes Adverb or if it is on a Verb it becomes Adverb.

How is Rakesh?  Rakesh is Fine.  Adjective
How did Rakesh Sing? Rakesh sang melodiously. Adverb